Sakamakon tsarin tsari daban-daban a cikin kasashe daban-daban, akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin ka'idojin gwajin aikin karbar kudi ta Turai en 12952-1984-1584-1988 da Dltt964-1988 da dllt964-2005. Wannan takarda ta mai da hankali kan bincike da tattaunawar manyan bambance-bambance a cikin lissafin Boiler da ke aiki a cikin daidaitattun ka'idodi ko ƙa'idodi.

 1.Tabbatacciya

Ko a China ko a ƙasashen waje, kafin a kera Boiller kuma an ba da gwajin ga kwangilar, amma gwajin aikin Boiler a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban ba iri ɗaya bane. Halin Tarayyar Turai en 12952-15: 2003 ruwa-tukunyar ruwa mai ruwa da kayan aiki na farko na kayan jirgi, wanda shine ainihin ka'idojin gwajin boiler da aka yarda da su. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan ƙa'idodin kewaya kololed Boilers. An kara Lememone Desulfurization a cikin Standard, wanda ya fi dacewa da dokokin da suka dace a China da kuma ka'idojin gwajin gwajin asme. Lambar Asme da ke da alaƙa da lambobin sadarwa a China an tattauna da bayanai daki-daki, amma akwai fewan rahotonsu akan tattaunawar En 12952-15: 2003.

A halin yanzu, ka'idojin gwajin aikin da ake amfani da su a China Standard Perciles na kasar Sin (GB10184-19184-19-24-1988 Halin Gwajin Tallace-tallace na Amurka "Asme PTC 4-1998, Da dai sauransu. Tare da ci gaba da balaga na fasahar bashin na kasar Sin, sannu a hankali samfuran kasashen China a hankali suka gane su. Don biyan bukatun kasuwanni daban-daban, ƙimar Tarayyar Turai ta en 12952-15: Ba a cire 2003: Ba a cire 2003: Ba a cire 2003: Ba a cire 2003: Ba a cire 2003: Ba a cire 2009: 2003 ba a cire su ba a nan gaba azaman aiwatar da kayan aikin Biliber da aka kera a China.

The main contents of boiler efficiency calculation in EN12952-15-2003 are compared with ASME PTC4-1998, GB10W4-1988 and DLTT964-2005.

Don saukakawa da kwatantawa, da en1295-15: An rage matsayin 2003 a matsayin misali. Asmeptc4-1998 an rage lambar assme, GB10184-1988. An sake kiran lambar GB10184-19 zuwa gajarta, DLH'94-2005 don gajere.

2.Babban abin da ke ciki da ikon aiwatarwa

Extal Standard shine matsayin karbar daidaitattun kayan moko, ruwan sanyi da kayan aiki na yau da kullun, kuma yana da tushe na ofa mai kyau da kuma kwalaye na masana'antu da ke ƙona kai tsaye. Ya dace da kai tsaye contors Strie mai launin tururi da ruwan sanyi, da kayan aikin taimaka musu. Kalmar "kai tsaye ta yi niyya a kayan aikin da aka santa mai da aka fi sani da zafi mai zafi, wanda zai iya ɗaukar tsarin ɗaukar nauyi, wanda zai iya ɗaukar tsarin gado ko ɗimbin hannu. Bayan haka, ana iya amfani dashi ga kayan aiki na kai tsaye (kamar ɓarnar sharar gida) da kayan aikin da ke gudana tare da sauran kayan aikin zafi), da sauransu, da sauransu, bai dace da kayan ƙone mai ba (Kamar hana cin kasuwa), ormiler ormalized (Kamar pfbc boiler) da tururi mai laushi a cikin tsarin sake zagayowar.

Ciki har da daidaitaccen daidaito, duk ka'idojin ko hanyoyin da suka shafi gwajin aikin Boiller a fili ya san cewa ba a zartar da masu samar da tururi ba a cikin tsire-tsire masu nukiliyar makaman nukiliya. Idan aka kwatanta da lambar asme, ana iya amfani da Standard Stype don ɓarnar sharar wuta da kayan aikin Aikinta, da kuma ikon ɗaukar ruwan wuta, da kuma ikon amfani da shi. Halin da aka yi amfani da shi baya iyakance kewayon da aka yi amfani da shi na fitar da ruwa mai laushi, matsa lamba ko zazzabi. Har zuwa bakin tururi na tururi ne, nau'ikan "masu motsa jiki" sun jera su da lambar GB ko lambar DL / T.

3.Iyakar boiler tsarin

Lambar Asme tana lissafa misalan tsarin niyyar tsarin zafi na iyakokin iyakokin katako na katako. Hakanan ana ba da misalai na yau da kullun a lambar GB. A cewar en misali, ambulaf na tsarin boiler na al'ada ya kamata ya haɗa da famfo na mai), kewaya Ash Reflux tsarin da kuma huhun iska. Amma ba ya haɗa da kayan shafa ko kayan shafawa mai ƙura, ƙura mai zagaye, tilasta daftarin fan da injin jan fan. En Standard da Sauran ka'idodi Maraance iyaka na tsarin Jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfi a cikin hanyar, amma Exa'idar ambulaf mai ƙarfi (iyaka) da ke da alaƙa da ma'aunin zafi ya kamata ya yi daidai da iyakar Boiler a cikin "Siyarwa" jiha, da shigarwar zafi, fitarwa da asarar da ake buƙata don auna ingancin yanayin zafi a bayyane. Idan ba shi yiwuwa a sami ƙimar ƙimar ƙimar "wadatar", Iyakar za a iya sake komawa ta hanyar yarjejeniya tsakanin mai samarwa da mai siye. A bambanta, en Stalpe ya jaddada ka'idodin rarraba tsarin na tukunyar akwatin.

4.Standarancin jihar da zazzabi

EST Active yana bayyana yanayin matsin lamba na 101325 da zazzabi na 0 ℃ A matsayin daidaitaccen yanayi, da kuma zazzabi na gwajin aikin shine 25 ℃. Halin ƙayyadadden halin da aka ƙayyade daidai yake da lambar GB; Zauren zazzabi daidai yake da lambar asme.

Est Standard yana ba da izinin Yarjejeniyar don amfani da sauran yanayin zafi kamar yadda zafin jiki don gwajin karɓar. Lokacin da ake amfani da wasu yanayin da ake amfani da su azaman yanayin zafi, ya zama dole a gyara ƙimar mai.

5.Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na yau da kullun

Halin en yana ba da takamaiman zafi na tururi, ruwa, iska, ash da sauran abubuwa masu gudana na yau da kullun, da kuma darajar zafi na wasu abubuwa marasa ƙoshin su.

5.1 Darajar darajar zafi

Duba Table 1 don takamaiman darajar zafi.

Tebur 1 takamaiman darajar zafi na wasu abubuwa.

Kamar lambar GB, da entalpy ko takamaiman zafi na abubuwa daban-daban da en Standard ya ɗauki 0 ℃ a matsayin farawa. A asme Code Stipulases cewa 77 ℉ (25 ℃) ana ɗaukar shi azaman farawa don lissafin ethalating ko takamaiman zafi na abubuwa daban-daban kuma banda mai amfani da tururi.

A cikin lambar GB, takamaiman zafin abubuwa na yau da kullun ana lissafta gwargwadon tsarin zafin jiki ta hanyar tebur ko kuma takamaiman ƙirar shine matsakaicin takamaiman darajar calorical daga 0 ℃ zuwa lissafin calcated. Don abubuwa masu haɓakawa da ruwa, shine takamaiman zafin rana a matsin lamba koyaushe. Lambar Asme gabaɗaya tana ɗaukar 25 ℃ azaman alamomi, kuma yana ba da lissafin takamaiman zafi ko kuma hanyoyin abubuwa daban-daban.

Idan aka kwatanta da lambar GB da lambar Asme, ation Standard yana da bambance-bambance guda biyu cikin tantance takamaiman zafin abubuwa:

1) Elealpy ko takamaiman zafi na abubuwa daban-daban yana ɗaukar 0 ℃ a matsayin farawa, amma an ba da takamaiman darajar zafi a tsakanin 25 ℃ zuwa yawan zafin jiki na al'ada.

2) Theauki ƙimar ƙayyadadden daga 25 to ℃ zuwa zazzabi na yau da kullun.

Misali:

 Haɗe tare da sauran sigogi, lokacin da zazzabi mai tunani shine 25 ℃, sakamakon da aka lissafta bisa ga lambar GB da kuma aka kwatanta shi a cikin Table 2.

Tebur 2 Kwatanta takamaiman darajar zafi da lissafin asarar wasu abubuwa.

 Dangane da kwatancen kudaden da ke haifar da tsarin lissafi, don mai tare da tsaunukan toka, bambancin sakamako wanda ƙa'idodin takamaiman abu ne (wanda za'a iya la'akari da shi), wanda za'a iya la'akari dashi. lissafin kudi, kuma ana iya watsi da shi. Koyaya, lokacin da kewayawa ruwa ya ruwaita Boiler yana ƙona high ash man man manusa ko ƙara ƙasa da asarar zafi na iya kaiwa 0.1-0.15 ko ma sama.

5..2 Darajar darajar Carbon Monoxide.

Dangane da misali, ƙimar mai ƙima na carbon monoxide shine 1 2.633 MJ / M³, wanda yake daidai daidai da lambar asme 4347Btu / LBM (12.643 mj / m³) da GB lambar 12.636 mj / m³. A karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun, abubuwan da ke cikin carbon monoxide a cikin gas gas ya ragu kuma darajar asarar zafi ƙarami ne, saboda haka bambanci a ƙimar ƙimar ba shi da ƙarfi.

5.3 darajar zafi na abubuwan da bai cika ba.

Est Standard yana ba da darajar zafi na abubuwan da basu cika ba a cikin masana'antun Anthracite da filayen lignite mai, kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 3.

Tebur 3 darajar zafin da ya ƙone wanda bai cika ba.

 A cewar lambar Asme, lokacin da ba za a iya ɗaukar ta hydrogen ba, ba za a iya ɗauka da yawa a cikin carbon Carbon ba, da kuma ƙimar ƙarancin carbon a ƙarƙashin wannan yanayin ya kamata 33.7mj / kg. Lambar GB baya tantance abubuwan da aka gyara na kayan haɗi a Ash, amma an ɗauka gabaɗaya azaman carbon da ba a rufe ba. Ka'idojin mai inganci na kayan aiki a cikin ash da aka bayar a lambar GB shine 33.727mj / kg. A cewar man anthrrickite da misali, ƙimar ƙarancin ci gaba shine kusan 2.2% ƙasa da lambar asme da lambar GB. Idan aka kwatanta da lignite, bambanci ya fi girma.

Sabili da haka, ya zama dole don ƙara nazarin mahimmancin bayar da ƙimar bayar da abubuwan da ba a haɗa su ba da lignite bi da bi a cikin misali.

5.4 Karkatar da lalata zafi a cikin alli Carbonate da tsara zafi na sulfate.

Dangane da coacerasar coaculla da aka bayar a cikin daidaitaccen daidaitattun daidaitattun ka'idodi, asme Code da DL / t lambar lalacewa ana nuna su a Table 4.

Tebur 4 zafi na bazawa da sulfate samuwar carbonate carbonate.

COOPERS BEIPD da aka bayar ta hanyar mizan da asme lambar gaske iri ɗaya ne. Idan aka kwatanta da lambar DT / L., zafi mai lalacewa shine 2.2-2.5% ƙananan kuma zafi mai zafi kusan 3.3% mafi girma.

6.Luck rasa ta hanyar radiation da kuma yin taro

A cewar en misali, saboda ba zai yiwu ba don auna radiation da asara asarar (wato, ya kamata a sami damar da aka saba ganowa.

Extal Standard yana buƙatar ƙirar mafi yawan shuɗi mai cike da ruwa mai kyau. 1, "radiation da kuma hadaya asarar asarar da suka samu bambanci tare da matsakaicin ruwan zafi".

Fig. 1 radiation da kuma biyan asarar asarar

 Key:

A: Radiation da Masarauta;

B: Matsakaicin ruwan zafi;

Kwana 1: Brown Brownce, gasn kore gas da ruwa mai kwarji;

Curve 2: mai ɗaukar ruwa mai ƙarfe;

Curve 3: man man fetur da gas na halitta.

Ko lasafta bisa ga dabara (1):

QRC = CQN^0.7(1)

Nau'in:

C = 0.0113, ya dace da kore-mai-mai da na halitta;

0.022, ya dace da tukunyar anthacrite;

0.0315, ya dace da lignite da ruwa a gado.

Dangane da ma'anar fitarwa mai zafi a cikin misali, ingantaccen ruwan zafi shine zafi na ruwa mai iska, da kuma seam da aka watsa ta hanyar fitarwa mai amfani.

Misali:

 A haɗe tare da sauran sigogi, matsakaicin yanayin zafi na tukunyar jirgi ya kusan 773 MW, da radama da kuma haɗuwa da asarar zafi kusan 0.298%. Idan aka kwatanta da asarar zafi mai zafi na 0.2% a karkashin darajar ƙwayar boiler ɗin da aka lissafa a cikin lambar Endsion, da asarar asarar kusan 49% mafi girma.

Ya kamata a ƙara wannan daidaitaccen daidaitaccen kuma yana ba da lissafi ko kuma coeffices na dabara a bisa nau'in murhun murhu da nau'ikan mai. Lambar Asme tana buƙatar cewa asarar zafi da aka kiyasta ta hanyar auna, amma "kimantawa sigogi da ƙwararren ƙwararru ba a cire shi ba". Lambar GB ta ba da lissafin abin da aka yi ƙididdigar da tsari bisa ga naúrar da kuma ruwan lemo.

7.Flue gas asara

Fatar gas ta hada asarar gas mai bushe, asarar lalacewa ta rabuwa da ruwa, asarar ta haifar da laima wanda ke cikin iska. Dangane da ra'ayin lissafin, ASME Styure yana kama da lambar GB, wannan shine, asarar tururuwa mai narkewa, amma a GB ya lissafta bisa ga ragi mai gudana. En Standard yayi lissafin rigar fure da takamaiman zafi na daskararren gas mai laushi gaba ɗaya. Ya kamata a jaddada cewa ga masu fitar da kayan kwalliya, adadi mai cike da ruwa da zazzabi na fayilolin iska, yayin da waɗancan a cikin lambobin Team da aka tsara sune adadi mai yawa a Astet na phoheater iska da zazzabi mai gas a cikin mafita na preheater lokacin da iska yeakage yawan preheater iska ana gyara zuwa 0. Duba Table 5 Don lissafin misalai na EN da GB. Daga tebur 5, ana iya ganin ganin cewa ko da cewa duk da hanyoyin ƙididdigar sun bambanta, sakamakon lissafin suna da mahimmanci iri ɗaya.

Table 5 Kwatanta game da asarar gas mai lasisi ta hanyar GB da en.

 8.Gyara aiki

Yayinda yake ba shi yiwuwa a aiwatar da gwajin aikin naúrar a ƙarƙashin daidaitaccen yanayin mai kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin aikin mai mahimmanci ko ƙarƙashin madaidaicin yanayin yanayin karɓar ƙa'idodin gwajin ko tsarin aiki. Dukkanin ka'idojin ukun / ka'idodi sun gabatar da hanyoyin nasu don gyara, waɗanda suke da kamaloli da bambance-bambance.

8.1 An sake fasalin abubuwa.

Dukkanin ka'idojin Uku sun gyara zazzabi inetl, iska, shayar da gas mai zafin gas a iyakarta, amma Standard GB ya rigaya ya lissafta shi kuma ya lissafta gyara na ash a mai daki-daki daki-daki.

8.2 Hanyar gyara.

Hanyar bita ta lambar GB da lambar Asme suna da asali iri ɗaya, waɗanda zasu maye gurbin sigogi na asarar da kuma sake dawo da su samun darajar asarar asarar. Hanyar gyara ta en Standar ta banbanta da lambar GB da lambar asme. Extal Standard yana buƙatar cewa bambancin daidai Δ n ya kamata a lissafta Δ n ya kamata a lasafta Δ n ya kamata a lasafta shi bisa ga wannan bambanci. Rashin lalacewa da asarar asali shine asarar da aka gyara.

8.3 man shafawa canje-canje da yanayin gyara.

Lambar GB da lambar asme ba su iyakance canjin mai a gwajin aikin ba, muddin bangarorin biyu sun kai yarjejeniya. Fitar da DL Kada ya wuce 10%, da karkatar da Yash daga ƙimar tabbataccen ya kamata ya wuce 15% kafin gyara. A lokaci guda, an bincika cewa idan ƙirar gwajin sun wuce kewayon kowane karkacewa, za a iya aiwatar da gwajin aikin ne kawai tsakanin mai samarwa da mai amfani.

8.4 Man cikin ingancin mai ƙima.

Lambar GB da lambar asme ba su tantance gyara na ƙimar mai ba. Extala'idodi na nan yana nanata da yanayin zafin jiki da aka yarda ba 25 ℃, ƙimar mai mai yawa (NCV ko GCV) ya kamata a gyara shi zuwa zazzabi da aka yarda. Tsarin gyara kamar haka:

Ha: net darajar mai a cikin zafin jiki a zazzabi 25 ℃;

HM: Man ne man fetur ɗin yanar gizo mai inganci a gwargwadon yadda aka yarda da yanayin zafin dalin da aka yarda da shi.

9.Kuskuren gwaji da rashin tabbas

Ciki har da gwajin aikin boiler, kowane gwaji na iya samun kurakurai. Kuskuren gwaji an haɗa da kurakurai masu tsayayye, kurakurai na kurakurai, da kurakurai na tsallake, da sauransu duk ƙa'idodin ya kamata a kimanta waɗanda za a iya tantance kurakurai guda uku kafin gwajin. Lambar Asme da daidaitaccen ma'auni an saka gaba gwargwadon koyarwar rashin tabbas da rashin tabbas.

A cewar abun cikin gwajin GB na GB, kuskuren auna da kuskuren abu na kowane ma'auni da kuma kuskuren ƙididdigar ƙarshe don yin hukunci ko gwajin ya cancanci.

An katse shi a cikin surorin da suka dace na lambar Asme wanda dukkan bangarorin da suka tabbatar ya yanke shawarar rashin tabbas game da sakamakon gwajin, kuma ana kiran wadannan dabi'un gwajin, kuma ana kiranta wadannan dabi'un gwajin, kuma ana kiranta wadannan dabi'un gwajin, kuma ana kiranta wadannan dabi'un da aka yi amfani da su sakamakon sakamakon. Lambar Asme tana samar da hanyar ƙididdigar rashin tabbas. Har ila yau, lambar Asme kuma ta fifita cewa bayan an kammala duk gwajin, rashin tabbas dole ne a lissafta gwargwadon surorin da suka dace na lambar da Asme PTC 19.1 lambar. Idan rashin tabbas na rashin tabbas ya fi yawan rashin tabbas ya kai gaba, gwajin zai zama mara amfani. Code Code yana nanata cewa rashin tabbas gwajin gwajin ba shine iyakancewar gwajin aikin ba (watau ba a yi amfani da wannan ba don tantance matakin Titin Boiler.

En Standard yana ɗaukar cewa za a iya yin lissafin dangi na ƙarshe EYB bisa ga rashin tabbas game da kowane yanki na abu, sannan kuma ingancin rashin tabbas UBY, sannan kuma a lissafta UBD β, sannan kuma rashin tabbas UBY ya kamata a lissafta bisa ga wannan tsari:

Uoyβ = ηβxεηβ

Idan an cika sharadin masu zuwa, za a ɗauka cewa tabbacin ƙimar ƙimar da aka samu an cimma shi:

ηβ≤ηb + uηβ

Wanda:

η g shine tabbacin garanti na inganci;

ηb shine ingancin inganci.

Ana iya ganin shi a fili daga tattaunawar da ke sama cewa kuskuren nazarin na GB da lissafin rashin tabbas a cikin lambar Asme shine yalwaci, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da ko ma'anar tabbatarwa, yayin da rashin tabbas A cikin daidaitaccen daidaitaccen baya yin hukunci ko gwajin ya yi nasara, wanda yake da alaƙa da ko ma'anar Ingancin Inganci.

10.Ƙarshe

GB10184-88, DL / T964-2005, ASME PTC4-1998 da en12592 da kuma en12592 da kuma en12592 da kuma en12592 da kuma en12592 da kuma en12592 (2003 a bayyane yake a bayyane yake da karbar kudi dangane da shaida. Ba a yi amfani da lambobin Asme da Asme a China ba, yayin da ba a yawan amfani da ka'idodi en a cikin yarda da gida.

Babban ra'ayin ƙirar aikin bashin. Wannan takarda tana sa wasu bincike da kuma kwatancen ƙa'idodin ukun, wanda ya dace don amfani da ƙa'idodin tsarin daban-daban a cikin ayyukan karɓa. An yi amfani da daidaitaccen daidaitaccen a kasar Sin a kasar Sin, amma ya zama dole a yi bincike mai zurfi da bincike kan wasu kayayyakin sa. Don yin shirye-shiryen fasaha a cikin wannan girmamawa, inganta fitar da wuraren kiwo na cikin gida zuwa ƙasa ko yanki wanda ke aiwatar da daidaitattun EU, kuma inganta abubuwan da muke samu na duniya.